| Property | Specification |
| Appearance | Dark brown, glossy (for roasted beans) |
| Aroma | Rich, strong, aromatic, varies by roast level |
| Texture (Ground Coffee) | Fine to coarse depending on grind size |
| Moisture Content | 2% - 5% (for roasted beans) |
| Bulk Density | 0.3 - 0.5 g/cm³ (roasted); 0.35 - 0.45 g/cm³ (ground) |
| Particle Size (Ground) | 200 – 1000 microns (varies by brew method) |
| Color | Medium to dark brown |
| Oil Content | 10% – 15% (may appear on surface of dark roasts) |
| pH (Brewed Coffee) | 4.5 – 6.0 (mildly acidic) |
| Volatile Compounds | Over 800 (contribute to aroma and flavor) |
| Temperature Sensitivity | Sensitive to heat, moisture, and light |
| Solubility | Insoluble solids; soluble compounds extracted during brewing |